# References — Longevity & Cellular Health Research Literature — Highlander Peptide

> The aggregated citation list for the Highlander Peptide longevity digest: peer-reviewed sources on Epitalon and NAD+, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every source cited across both compound pages and the comparison, gathered in one place.

## References

The list below aggregates the cited literature across both compounds on this desk — Epitalon (references 1-7) and NAD+ (references 8-12). Each entry gives authors, title, journal and year, with a DOI and PubMed link where available. A single citation is listed once and referred to by its number throughout the site. Where a source is a review rather than a primary study, it is cited as such.

## References

[1] Araj SK, Brzezik J, Mądra-Gackowska K, Szeleszczuk Ł. Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(6):2691. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40141333/
[2] Al-Dulaimi S, Thomas R, Matta S, Roberts T. Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity. Biogerontology. 2025;26(5):178. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40908429/
[3] Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, Kvetnoy IM, et al. Molecular cellular mechanisms of peptide regulation of melatonin synthesis in pinealocyte culture. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2012;153(2):255-258. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22816096/
[4] Khavinson VK, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003;135(6):590-592. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12937682/
[5] Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003;24(3-4):233-240. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14523363/
[6] Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Provinciali M, et al. Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice. Biogerontology. 2003;4(4):193-202. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14501183/
[7] Various. Epitalon protects against post-ovulatory aging-related damage of mouse oocytes in vitro. Aging (Albany NY). 2022;14(8):3551-3565. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35413689/
[8] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, van Weeghel M, Cantó C, Zapata-Pérez R, Janssens GE, Houtkooper RH. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7:1974-1990. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[9] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, Lin Z, Vaidya A, Pendse S, Thasma S, Andhalkar N, Avhad G, Kumbhar V. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience 2023. 2023;45:29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[10] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, Patti GJ, Franczyk MP, Mills KF, Sindelar M, Pietka T, Patterson BW, Imai SI, Klein S. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372:1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[11] Covarrubias AJ, et al. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[12] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/

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A peer-reviewed literature digest for longevity and cellular health research — citations held to source, claims held to species.